Internet Impacts on Global Business Essay

There are lots of advantages for small business to do business on the Internet. Depends on the type of business, it is not necessary for everybody to do business on the Internet. Prior to the invention of the Internet, Large global firms could work on advances in accessing the newest technological information, exchanging information, and reaching international customers. The Internet can help diminish information asymmetry and permits small businesses to act like large global businesses. Firstly, small firms can instant access to any new technological advances that can help them compete with large firms. Secondly, the Internet can help small firms reduce communication costs to the large firms’ level in meeting with suppliers, customers, or employees all over the world. Thirdly, the Internet can help small firms to reach global market in low costs. Any potential customers in the world can interact with the companies through their websites no matter the companies are small or large, local or global. Although many small businesses have success in global market on the Internet, small business that have not yet gone online still needs to evaluate the effects of the Internet and understand whether or not an Internet presence is necessary. No having an Internet presence is not always dangerous for a company. For example, the company that services the customers in local community does not need to establish a website because it can touch customers in person. The privacy may be in danger on the Internet if the company has not enough resources for the security.

The Jesuit Legacy in India

The Jesuit Legacy in India Abstract: The Jesuits arrived in India in 1542 A. D. to carry out Christ’s command to â€Å"go and make disciples of all nations† (Matthew 28:19). Over the last 500 years, they have woven themselves into the very fabric of India with deep psychological, theological and sociological connotations. This article tells that story; highlights some noteworthy Jesuit influences on Modern India, particularly in the fields of education, medicine, social service and leadership training amongst the youth; and, draws leadership lessons from these Jesuit achievements.The Jesuits demonstrated servant leadership, transformational leadership, and transactional leadership qualities. Without the Jesuits, the article concludes, India would be a different country. The Jesuit Legacy in India Ad majorem Dei gloriam. For the greater glory of God. That’s the motto of a religious order of men called the Society of Jesus that has quietly influenced India, and pro vided understated leadership to the world’s largest democracy in many positive ways deserving of recognition.The influence of the Jesuits in India extends beyond just the spread of Christianity, weaving intricate psychological, theological and sociological patterns into the very fabric of modern Indian society. Professor George Menachery – appointed by Pope Benedict XVI as member of the Pontifical Equestrian Order of St. Gregory the Great in early 2008, and editor of the St.Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India and the Indian Church History Classics – writes in Volume III of the former publication: the â€Å"factor which has won the Society a lasting place in the minds of the people and in the history of the nation is the large number of spheres which it has penetrated and permeated,† and goes on to list religion, spirituality, politics, education, science, technology, meteorology, diplomacy, indology, culture, history, geography, language, literature, a rt, architecture, sports, medicine, healthcare, social reforms, leadership formation, tribal and aboriginal movements, and nation-building as some of the contributions of the Jesuits to modern India. Brief History The organization was founded in 1534 by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491–1556), and received papal authorization in 1540 under Pope Paul III. Amongst the original six members was St. Francis Xavier, who was an ardent missionary with the passion to take Christ’s message to the East. He arrived in India in 1542, almost fifteen centuries after St. Thomas the Apostle had brought Christianity to India.With the arrival of Xavier, began a saga of leadership by the Society of Jesus in India that continues to this day, almost 500 years later. Pre-British India The expanding influence on the Jesuits on 17th century pre-British India has been well documented by historians, among them Ellison Banks Findly, who writes in Nur Jahan, Empress of Mughal India (Oxford University Pres s) that Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1569-1627) granted the Jesuits many privileges, and spent â€Å"every night for one year†¦ in hearing disputation† amongst Christian and other theologians, and that his â€Å"most active interest in Christian doctrine was in the debates held at his court between the Jesuit fathers and the Muslim mullas. In fact, the Jesuit Mission of the Great Moghul was started at the request of Emperor Akbar, with Father Rudolph Acquaviva, the future Martyr, as its first Superior.The Jesuit Mission in Madura in the south was also begun at the request of the Hindu viceroy (nayakka) established in Madura, and later supported by Zulfikar Ali Khan (1690-1703), the first Nawab of the Carnatic. The Madura Mission counted among its members the celebrated Father Robert de Nobili, as well as Saint John de Britto. British India With the onset of British rule over India that effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey, the Jesuits found greater favor wi th the erstwhile powers. They began exerting increasing influence not only on the Christians in India, but also on the society at large.Even the Maharajas – whom the British allowed to reign as long as they paid their due taxes to the Crown – and their war councils and civil administrations, were positively influenced by the Jesuits, right from Goa to Cochin to Cape Comorin to Manapad to Mannar to Mylapore. Independent India By the time the British Empire was overthrown and independent India emerged in 1947, the Jesuits had entrenched themselves deeply into Indian society by way of leading and high-profile educational institutions, hospitals, charity organizations and other enterprises that became effective partners of the government in the young democracy in supporting growth.Professor George Menachery writes in The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India (Vol. III 2010): â€Å"the ubiquitous nature of the Society has through its varied missions become one of the most powerful influences in Indian history. Today there is hardly any Catholic ecclesiastical division in India or any revenue district in the country for that matter which does not boast some Jesuit enterprise or other, be it a school or a college, a technical training institute or an engineering establishment, a printing press or an infirmary, a seminary or a social service centre. † Psychological Influence on India Discipline positively impacted the Indian psycheThe Jesuit movement gathered force right in the middle of the Catholic revival called the Counter-Reformation that began with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) as a response to the Protestant Reformation, and ended with the Thirty Years’ War in 1648. Pope Paul III (1534–1549) led the Council of Trent, and tasked the attending cardinals with institutional reform to impact ecclesiastical (or structural) reconfiguration, religious orders, spiritual movements and political dimensions of the Catholic Church. New religious orders – such as the Jesuits, Capuchins, Ursulines, Theatines, Discalced Carmelites, and the Barnabites – were a fundamental part of this movement, and Jesuits in particular, greatly bolstered rural parishes, enhanced popular piety, succeeded in constraining corruption within the church, and played an exemplary role in overall Catholic renewal.These activities extended well into India. The Jesuit charter established by St. Ignatius Loyola was dictatorial and military-like (possibly emanating from the fact that Ignatius was a soldier before he became a priest); and, this iron discipline, rigid training and resolute character of the Jesuits created a deep psychological impact on the Indian psyche. Rev. Fr. Jerome Francis, a current Jesuit missionary in the Calcutta Province, opines that this perception of extreme discipline sat well with the general Indian populace and the rulers, and consequently boded well for the next phase of Jesuit growth in the count ry. Helped prevent Mysticism amongst Indian ChristiansAn example of rigid and inflexible discipline can be discerned in regulations such as Rule-13 of the Jesuit Charter that said: â€Å"I will believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it† (Jesuit Political Thought: The Society of Jesus and the State by Harro Hopfl, Cambridge University Press, 2004). Ursula King writes in Christian Mystics: The Spiritual Heart of the Christian Tradition (Simon & Schuster, 1998) that such rigid principles helped prevent the spread of mysticism amongst Christians in India, even while mysticism ran high in parts of Europe during the Catholic revival, with leaders like Teresa of Avila (1515-82) and John of the Cross (1542-91). The spread of mysticism made the institutional Church especially nervous because, carried to its logical conclusion, mysticism negates the need for priesthood and the sacraments.Since one of the central tenets of Hinduism is a formless God (â€Å"Thou art formless; thy only form is our knowledge of thee† – Upanishads), Christians exposed to Hindu thought were especially prone mysticism, as has been proven over and over again by later-day Christian mystics like Father Bede Griffiths (1906-1993) and Henry le Saux (1910-1973). Closer psychological integration with Hindu society The Jesuits also introduced to India the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius, which was endorsed by Pope Paul III in 1548, and exemplified the Society of Jesus in the way these exercises helped the Jesuits understand human relationship with God, and live a life of commitment to Christ. The Exercises were a set of meditations, prayers and mental exercises designed to be carried out typically over a four week period, aimed at helping individuals discern Jesus in their lives and commit to a life of service to Christ.This rigid Jesuit tradition has been compared with devotionalism, and provided close parallels to Hindu ritualistic tradi tions, and helped psychologically in the closer integration of the Jesuits into Hindu society. Theological Influence Setting up of Seminaries Jesuits believed in establishing seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church. Consequently, they set up several seminaries in India to dispense theological knowledge. Styled after the successful seminary of the Malankara Orthodox Church that was founded by St. Thomas, the Apostle in A. D. 52, and the Rachol Seminary founded in 1521 by the Church of Goa, the earliest Jesuit seminary was the St.Joseph's Inter-diocesan Seminary, Mangalore established in 1763; followed by St. Joseph’s Seminary started in West Bengal in 1879; and, the Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier founded in 1887 in Pilar. Today there are at least 22 Jesuit seminaries, many of them degree granting institutions authorized by the Vatican and the government of India. The foremost example of Jesuit theological excellence is the Vidyajyoti College of Theology in Delhi that currently enrolls hundreds of students coming from some 70 religious congregations, dioceses, secular institutes and lay associations from every part of India and abroad. Setting up of ChurchesOne of the earliest Jesuit churches was established by St. Francis Xavier himself in Tuticorin. Originally called the Jesuit Church of Saint Paul, its status was raised to that of a Basilica by Pope Paul II to mark its 400th anniversary, and is now known as the Basilica of Our Lady of the Snows, Tuticorin. St. Paul’s Churchaty in Diu on the west coast of India dates back to 1610. In all, there are over 110 Jesuit Churches in India, and these churches have always integrated well with Indian society in general, and with people from other faiths, in particular. To cite one example of this integration: During midnight mass on Christmas Eve in St.Paul’s Cathedral in Calcutta, the rush of Hindus is so he avy that the Church installs a loudspeaker system in the large gardens surrounding the Church, so that hundreds of Hindus who could not gain entry into the Cathedral, can sit and listen to the rituals. Evangelism Jesus commanded his eleven disciples to: â€Å"†¦ go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age. † – Matthew 28:19,20 NIV. The Jesuits had evangelism as one of their stated goals, and their efforts first spread Christianity along the western â€Å"Konkan† coast of India. The Jesuits then spread both southwards (towards Madura) and northwards (towards Agra), continually converting Hindus and Muslims to Christianity. Rev. H. Hosten, S. J. writes in Jesuit Missionaries in Northern India and Inscriptions on their Tombs (1580-1803): â€Å"Under (Mughal Emperor) Jah angir†¦ several Mohamedan Princes were baptized†, among them â€Å"Currown, another of Jahangir's sons, and other of his friends (to make his way easier to the Crown) prevailed with Jahangir that his kinsmen Shaw Selym's Brother's Sons might be Christened; which accordingly was done in Agra†¦ that year they also baptized another Grandson of Akbar's. † Until the Protestant Missionaries came to India in the 18th century, the Jesuits were the prime force of evangelism in India. Typical and often quoted, but not unique, proactive initiative to reach out to the Indian masses is practiced today by the Indian Theological Seminary (ITS).Founded by the Jesuits, ITS is now an interdenominational seminary located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, with Gilgal Gospel Mission as its missionary training arm. The Gilgal Gospel Mission trains men and women, and sends them out into the world at large in pairs, into Hindu villages, with a view to them establishing friendship in the villag es, and starting, first, Sunday Schools and, later, Churches. ITS prepares three types of Church planters (a) bare foot evangelists (C. Th), (b) Bachelor of Theology (B. Th), and (c) Master of Divinity (M. Div). Graduates who prepare at ITS fulfill its mission of â€Å"Preaching Christ and Planting Churches† in every village, town and city.Many return to their homes in the various parts of India to continue teaching, preaching, and planting churches. Today, Christianity is India's third-largest religion, with approximately 24 million followers, constituting 2. 3% of India's population. The popularization of Annual Retreats amongst Priests and the Populace As noted earlier, the Jesuits avidly pursued the implementation of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius that were a set of meditations, prayers and mental exercises designed to be practiced in the form of a four week meditative retreat from normal life. The basic purpose of these retreats was to mediate the human-God relation ship; and, periodically re-examine and re-validate the nuances of that relationship.Such annual retreats became popular in India not only amongst the Jesuit priests, but even amongst priests from other faiths. The concept of retreats spread to the corporate world too, and Sunanda Dutta-Ray writing in The Statesman dated January 26, 2006, mention three instances where Chief Executive Officers of large Indian corporations – all Jesuit alumni – instituted the concept of a 3-day annual retreat modeled after their experience in school. Sociological Influence The largest visible Jesuit influence on India has been the wide and deep sociological impact – in terms of the development of the Indian people and societies – that is discernible everywhere.Jesuit Education With over 30 excellent high schools, over 10 high profile colleges for higher education, and innumerable elementary schools and vocational training centers all over India, Jesuit education is much soug ht after in the country. The foremost examples of Jesuit higher education are the Vellore Medical College and Hospital, one of India’s foremost teaching hospitals, Xavier Labor Relations Institute, one of India’s foremost business schools. Even St. Xavier’s College in Calcutta has produced many industry leaders, the foremost amongst them is Lakshmi Mittal, whose company – ArcelorMittal – is today the world’s largest steel producer.Loyola College in Chennai has similarly produced many leaders for the country, even a President (Ramaswamy Venkataraman) and a world chess champion (Viswanathan Anand). Most of these educational institutions date back to the earlier part of the 20th century, if not earlier still, and played a vigorous role in nation-building when India became independent. Former President of India, Abdul Kalam, lauded the Jesuits’ role in India education, while opening the 6th global meet of Jesuit institutions in Calcutta: â€Å"†Jesuit institutions have a big role in the spread of modern education in the country. Being a Jesuit alumnus myself, I'm aware of the great contribution of Jesuit education not only in India but around the world† (as reported by Krittivas Mukherjee for Indo-Asian News Service).Not content to be restricted to India alone, Jesuits from Calcutta recently gave education in Afghanistan a boost, when two of them – Maria Joseph and Sahaya Jude – recently travelled to the war-torn country and started training students and teachers (as reported in the The Telegraph, Jan 4, 2010). It should be mentioned in passing that all Jesuit education in India is completely secular. Catholic students are given additional training in Catechism, but students of other faiths are usually treated to a secular Moral Science lecture, or – at most – a watered down Bible History. Jesuit Social Work Jesuits have deeply been involved in social work and social reform.W hole books can be written on this subject alone, because these engagements have been – and continue to be – so numerous and so vigorous. Caritas India has been at the forefront of traditional social work, as the front organization for Catholic Charities, with thousands of people and hundreds of project sites spanning all across the country. It is only one of the more visible ones; in general, almost every Jesuit organization practices social work in its immediate vicinity, and engages the students of all its nationwide institutions in social activities. For instance, the Vidyajyoti College of Theology in Delhi has very active prison ministry, hospital ministry, slum ministry, tribal ministry, neighborhood ministry, and even a railway platform ministry.Many Jesuits ventured out into the villages and made a mark with their social activism. Just one such example is Father Michael Anthony Windey (1921-2009), founder of the Village Reconstruction Organization (VRO), who joi ned the Jesuits in 1938, traveled to India in 1946 and was ordained a priest in 1950. When he passed away in Belgium in 2009 while under treatment for cancer, he was mourned by the Church, social workers and villagers in India, because he had dedicated his life to using Gandhian methods to revolutionize village life in India. Said Father A. X. J. Bosco, a former head of the Jesuits? Andhra Pradesh province who has worked as VRO? operational director: â€Å"Father Windey was never bothered about the religion of the person he helped. While selecting villages, he always chose to help the poorest village. † Social Activism The involvement of the Jesuits extended to social activism, sometimes of a kind even questioned by the Vatican. Rone Tempest, staff writer, reported in the L. A. Times, Jan 21, 1986, on the Pope’s visit to India: â€Å"Significantly, the Pope will not visit the northern Bihar Muzafapur area, where radical Catholic priests have recently organized Hindu s erfs against powerful landlords, some of whom even maintain their own armies for private wars against their foes and bands of roving bandits, or dacoits.Similarly, when he visits the Catholic stronghold state of Kerala in southern India, he has no plans to visit areas in which radical priests and nuns, India's version of South America's â€Å"liberation theologists,† have organized sailboat fishermen, mostly Hindus and Muslims, against the motorized fishing trawler industry. † Leadership Training Service (LTS) LTS – short for Leadership Training Service – is a unique contribution by the Jesuits to Indian society. Initiated by five students of the Goethals Memorial School in Kurseong, West Bengal in 1959, Fr. Robert Wirth of St. Xavier’s School, Sahibganj, Bihar, was selected to lead the movement in 1970. Fr. Wirth did just that for the next 21 years from the LTS headquarter in Calcutta, and spread the movement to Jesuit educational institutes in 24 States. The LTS motto is: â€Å"For God and Country†, and resonated strongly with a developing India.The LTS vision involves the four-fold objectives of: (a) Personality Development; (b) Leadership Skills; (c) Social Awareness; and, Social Responsibility that leads to social development. The movement articulates this as â€Å"a journey from ‘I Consciousness’ (initiated through Personality development and mastering leadership skills) to ‘We Consciousness’ (achieved through inculcating social awareness and exercising social responsibility that leads to social development)† (as stated on its website: www. LTSworld. com). The LTS celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 2009, and brought Fr. Robert Wirth – who collaborated in the writing of this paper – all the way from Malta to the LTS headquarters in Calcutta.Today there are reportedly over 15,000 LTSers working towards India’s progress. Leadership Lessons from the Jesuits Consisten t and long-term success is never a result of accident or luck. The Jesuits have demonstrated strong leadership qualities throughout their 500 year history in India. Servant Leadership The Jesuits, through their disciplined and exemplary behavior, became role models for the Indian populace who observed them, interacted with them, and learned from them. Influencing through exemplary behavior is a fundamental tenet of servant leadership. The Jesuits also extensively and deeply served the people whose lives they touched, through social work, educational institutions, hospitals and other missions.This service was, and continues to be, in the best tradition of servitude demonstrated by Christ. Transformation Leadership Mark Pousson, Program Director for Service Learning at The Reinert Center for Teaching Excellence at the St. Louis University writes in The Notebook, a publication of the Reinert Center: â€Å"Historically, the Jesuits espouse the power of transformation through conversati on,† (Vol 11, Issue 4), and goes on to say that Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit order, readily engaged people in conversation about God and spirituality. It is from his value of transformation through experiences that Saint Ignatius companions infused transformation in what is known as the Jesuit tradition of education.Jesuits heavily utilized this power of transformation through pedagogy and education in India, and – as earlier stated in this article – has left an indelible mark on the Indian education landscape. The Jesuits also practiced transformational leadership by inspiring Indians to strive for something better than they were used to, to push the limit, and to aim for excellence. Evidence of this is plentiful, but particular note may be taken of the Jesuit’s LTS (Leadership Training Service) initiative described earlier, which was a totally new concept in India when it was started in 1959, and continues to inspire and build the current g eneration of young leaders in the 21st century. In fact, the LTS movement resonates strongly with one of the fundamentals goal of transformation leadership: the make leaders out of followers.The Annual Retreats that the Jesuits taught the Indians and popularized amongst people of faith as well as the corporate world, was another instance where people were inspired and motivated to implement and practice innovative leadership solutions for everyday problems. Transactional Leadership Transactional leadership was commonly practiced by the Jesuits. A very common example was the exchange of better medical care for conversion to Christianity. It was a subtle but effective message. When the Jesuits set up modern medical care facilities in rural India – especially in the Tribal areas where people were not even Hindus, but practiced some form of pantheism – it is widely believed that it was not so much the preaching as the access to modern medical care that converted lots of tr ibal people to Christianity. Social Learning TheoryJesuit social activism, social work and its military-like discipline – all widely admired by the Hindus of India – triggered the positive effects of the Social Learning Theory, which argues that people learn best through a 3-step emulation process defined as: (a) observation, (b) imitation, and (c) modeling. When people like behavior they would like to emulate, they are motivated to do so on their own without having to be compelled in some covert or overt manner to oblige. Social Learning Theory, therefore, has feeds into the Servant Leadership theory, because servant leaders aim to influence followers through exemplary action and self-motivated emulation. The Jesuits in India put both servant leadership and social learning theories to good use. Epilogue In closing, a short acknowledgment says it all: Without the Jesuits, India would be a different country.

Financial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Financial Analysis - Essay Example The global systems insurance agency start-up budget was $2,345,000 which entails four critical sections that must be available for the implementation process of the project. Employees and payroll taxes amounted to $1,600,000 under administration costs. The start up of this sophisticated business project called for different kinds of skills and expertise in the field of technology to enable the implementation of this project successful. Their efforts and sacrifice of their time were compensated in monetary value. The computers, repairs, services, maintenance and depreciation accumulated to a cost of $98,000. Due to unfavorable conditions that some computers were in, more computers were purchased and upgraded to improve technology of the SYPRO softwares. Their implementation cost was $597,000 which was broken into specifications of online software cost $500000, testing cost $60,000, training cost $25000, and SYPRO support $12000. In the standard preparation of budgets, there is always a provision for miscellaneous expenses that might be incurred and, therefore, a total of $50,000 was catered for these expenditures. The above costs were only budgeted for the beginning year of 2014. The figure below shows the start up Budget for the first year. Our respective income and expense statements replicate our financial positions of a year before the implementation of the SYSPRO software. They also clearly show a year prior to the implementation and the financial positions of the three years to come. It should be known that the projection of the future financial positions of subsequent years was based on the present performance data for financial analysis. For an efficient and sufficient implementation of the SYSPRO softwares, an ample start-up capital is required for the research and development expenses. Our initial capital for the SYSPRO implementation was $597,700. The

Common Sense Notions of Political Action and Power Essay

Common Sense Notions of Political Action and Power - Essay Example g whether it be on certain issues or the election of a representative, starting a petition on a certain issue, sending a message through social media, or participating in a committee. Therefore, taking these definitions and examples into account it would be safe for us to assume that there are two groups of people involved in the political action process. The first group is the one that is seeking to send out a message and the second group is the one who will receive the message. In fact, according to Micheal Kaulbars (2009), a trained research biologist who is very active on environmental and social justice issues, the standard model of political struggle includes two groups; the activists and the target. In this model he describes the activists as the group of people who use protests, petitions, hunger strikes, and other forms of campaigning techniques to directly influence their target’s behavior. The target in response to these actions creates counter groups and media camp aigns to influence the activist’s behavior. Kaulbars (2009) criticizes this model of political action as being ‘too’ simplified. In fact, this standard model is a perfect description of the â€Å"common sense† notions surrounding political action. According to him, this model is unsuccessful at explaining political action because the activists described rarely have enough power to make a difference. Hence, now that we know a little more about political action we must analyze what part it may play in the running of an organization? In fact in order to understand an organization we must look at it as a political system (Management Consulting Courses, n.d). To elaborate on this further we must redefine politics in relation to an organization. In an organization, politics are a means to recognize and reconcile conflicting interests between individuals. This makes sense as organizations; especially large ones are made up of a number of very diverse individuals which will no doubt translate into diversity in interests and agendas. Hence, it is safe to say that organizations create an environment that is perfect for political action. In fact, according to Ammeter et al., (2002), there are three basic levels of political action in organizations; individual, coalition and network. At the individual level leaders try to influence individuals in the organization through one-on-one relationships. Furthermore, at the coalition level, coalitions are formed by leaders through convincing peers, subordinates and other members in the organization to join a force in order to pursue common interests. Lastly, in the network level, individuals and groups are tied together into an interconnected system. Therefore, we may look at the networking level as a result of the individual and the coalition level. First individuals are influenced which leads to the formation of groups eventually leading to the formation of a network. To elaborate further on political action

The Economics Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Economics Revolution - Essay Example Though people engaged in work, it was for their subsistence hence work was an end in itself and not a means to an end. The serfs tilled the land to get food for themselves and also worked for the lords as a responsibility and not to get paid. There was also no capital accumulation and those merchants who sold and bought goods to gain wealth were viewed with disdain especially by churches and for pilgrims, the idea of gain was perceived as â€Å"the doctrine of the devil† (Heilbroner, 1999, p. 25). Land was for farming and used communally; there was no buying or selling of land. Land existed in form of estates, manors and principalities and not as real estate like in modern times. Though people exchanged goods in the market; for example, gold and war chariots were exchanged for slaves and horses there was no gain envisaged. As such, up to seventeenth century, the factors of production which include land, labor and capital did not exist thus there was no market system. Heilbroner argues that economic revolution took place when the society resulted to the third solution to their survival problem which was: â€Å"allowing each individual to do exactly as he saw fit but follow a central guiding rule† (1999, p. 20). This is when the idea of gain or profit motive was born and the market system began its work which was to allocate resources. Market system in this case refers to a â€Å"mechanism for sustaining and maintaining an entire society† (p. 27). It was based on the idea that men are self-centered hence pursue own interests and in the process serve the interests of others. Since custom and command had taken root, a revolution was needed to move to a market system. During this time, only a few people (merchants and kings) were concerned with gaining wealth and merchants were considered immoral or outcasts in society.

The main reasons why companies decide to internationalize their Essay

The main reasons why companies decide to internationalize their activities - Essay Example Porter (2011) identifies how paramount the risks are as they are associated with new entrants in a market when entry cost barriers are reduced or even when technological advancements make it easy for new entrants to replicate competitive products and infuse new competitive forces in the market. Growth in the competition after a business’ products are in the maturity stage along the product lifecycle and when markets are becoming saturated with emerging competition, it is no longer sustainable to maintain the presence in the domestic country. Instead of attempting to diversify the business’ product portfolio, which is not always achievable using existing resources and existing knowledge, firms will seek new foreign markets as an opportunity to build revenues and remove competitive risks. In this capacity, they can maintain the same operational costs associated with product manufacture and create a new demand with foreign consumers as a means of sustaining its profit marg in. Furthermore, sourcing and manufacturing are now becoming a more globalised function as industry-wide benchmarks and standards are being established (Cavusgil, Yeniyurt and Townsend 2004). This means that supply chain networks are becoming more homogenous on a global basis which makes it easier for competition in a certain industry to gain the same type of procurement advantages related to cost and distribution. As emerging markets establish the distribution networks and tangible infrastructures necessary to reach foreign markets, competitors are able to benchmark supply strategies and erode any competitive advantages once achieved by another competitor. Further, the ability of competition to achieve replicable value-added activities in procurement drives another competitor to seek new opportunities to regain competitive advantages. Internationalisation, as it is related to procurement strategies, provides new opportunities to innovate new product development.

Is Asia primed for increased rivalry or greater co-operation Term Paper

Is Asia primed for increased rivalry or greater co-operation - Term Paper Example These include the North Korean Taepodong missiles and nuclear research crises, the impact of the financial crisis on Asian countries and subsequent socio-economic turmoil, and conflict over the Taiwan Straits (Welch & Milne, 2014: p67). However, although the Asian region is a highly unstable one, the reasons for this rivalry are not entirely tied to these events as several scholars have claimed. While Friedberg’s argument contends that Asia cannot move towards cooperation due to its multi-polar geopolitics, the United States’ strategic interests in the region provide a stabilising power balance. In addition, the dearth of democratic and strong regional institutions, which is also part of his argument, would seem to contradict evidence showing the opposite as Indo-Sino cooperation is increasing (Alagappa, 2011: p157). In fact, regional actors pose the largest threat to stability and increased cooperation in Asia. The extremely different and isolationist values and beliefs professed by these actors make sovereignty contests in Taiwan and Korean waters a potential cause of military rivalry and conflict. These potential but intangible causes of rivalry and conflict should be given the closest attention. Moreover, the role played by the US in Asia cannot be ignored as its strategic military strength and alliances make it the dominant power (Alagappa, 2011: p159). T his paper will aim to use three theoretical paradigms of international relations: the realist, liberal, and constructivist approaches, in examining the regional environment in Asia and forming a more considerate and accurate assessment of prospects for increased rivalry or cooperation in Asia. The liberal, realist, and constructivist approaches to IR offer different perspectives of what governs the behaviour of state actors, especially in the promotion of stability and cooperation or rivalry and conflict (Lanyi & McWilliams, 2013: p90). The realist school of IR thought considers power to be the main

WEEK5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WEEK5 - Research Paper Example This work will be illuminating the ideal salesmanship. Salespersons make a part of daily life as they often approach us, or they appear almost everywhere around us; be it in the offices, at home, shopping malls or even at commercial eateries. This explains why I have interacted with an uncountable number of them, all portraying different, sometimes contradicting features. However, from this unlimited number, I could rank them all ranging from the most unpleasant to the most pleasant. Though my experience with most sale persons has never been entirely pleasant, I can at least pick the best performer of them. This happened to be a direct sales representative in a bank, who helped me into having my first bank account despite having been totally ignorant in this field. Calm in demeanor and direct in his words, this man was sure of everything he was telling me. He took me through each account type and advised me on the best of them to choose, later leaving me to make my personal decision. A few years after when I needed to change my account type, this same man gave me advice and I have never been regretful to date. I happened to have one most remarkably unpleasant experience with a salesperson in one of the mobile service provider companies in my country. Mobile phone accessories were on sale in this occurrence. The event having been a road show, almost every feature of it had been annoying except for how well persuasive he was that he managed to entice me into his ideas. To participate into their promotion, one had to make a deposit of some cash, and then get assigned a t-shirt to recognize them as a member there-of. One alarming action was how this man pressurized me into giving him this cash into his hand. I view this as inappropriate because a customer should do everything willingly without feeling coerced. I later picked from scattered pieces of paper, only to be told

Strategy, Business Information and Analysis Essay

Strategy, Business Information and Analysis - Essay Example This assertion is supported by analysts who predict Amazon will be the fastest company to hit the US $100 billion in annual revenue by 2015 (Manjoo, 2011). Amazon provides a good case company considering its phenomenal success despite the intense competition it faces in all its markets such as the large physical retailers Wal-Mart and Tesco, large e-commerce sites such as Ebay.com and companies that provide e-services, and other ambitious, multi-market tech companies specifically Google, Apple and Facebook Starting out as an online book e-tailer, with its first sale in July 1995, Amazon on the outside seems to be a company that is spreading itself thin. It is no longer easy to neatly sum up what Amazon is. Amazon is no longer a web store, as it provides a myriad other products and services such as making hardware (read the Kindle line of products), providing Cloud computing infrastructure and services and even offering social networking services (for example Kindle’s social ne twork that connects readers of the same book). It is within this diversified portfolio of businesses that Amazon seems to be engaged in that Prahalad and Hamel (1990) stated belies a few shared core competencies. Identifying Amazon’s core competencies Hamel and Prahalad (1996) defined core competencies as those technologies and skills that enable a company to deliver specific benefit(s) to customers. This means that core competencies are not built as commitment to particular market opportunity or product, rather they are built in order to create or improve customer benefits. Products are a result of core competencies. According to Prahalad and Hamel (1990) core competencies can be identified using three attributes: customer value, competitor differentiation and extendibility. To identify a core competence under customer value, a company must continually ask itself if a particular skill makes a significant contribution to a value perceived by the customer. Secondly, to i dentify a core competency the firm needs to benchmark what it has against its competitors. Competitor differentiation comes about either where the company has a capability that is completely unique or is not unique but is superior to what the competition has. This implies that core competencies have to be difficult for competitors to imitate. Finally, the organization will need to ask how the capabilities it has could be used to venture into new product or market arenas. Core competencies need to provide potential access to a wide variety of markets (Prahalad & Hamel, 1990). Looking at Amazon.com two competencies immediately stand out as being core competencies: innovative technology in cloud technologies and online retailing, and consumer analytics. Amazon.com has the largest and most sophisticated collection of online retailing technologies available (Laudon & Traver, 2008). The company deliberately pursues leadership in online technologies. In its US SEC (2005) document Ama zon states that its strategy focuses its development efforts on continuous innovation by creating and enhancing the specialized, proprietary software that is unique to the business, and to license or acquire commercially-developed technology for other applications where available and appropriate. The end products of this focus and core competence include the one-click buying, personalized web pages, software-based product recommendations, Kindle

History of Aluminum Essay Example for Free

History of Aluminum Essay Aluminum as a metal came to its existence only 200 years ago. However, Dmitry Eskin noted that almost 2000 years ago, Pleny the Elder â€Å"mentions a strange, light, and silvery metal in his Historia Naturalis which might indicate that aluminum may have been discovered accidentally and then forgotten† (Eskin 2008, p. 1). Citing the work of Pleny the Elder, Eskin puts it: â€Å"One day a gold smith in Rome was allowed to show the Emperor Tiberius a dinner plate of a new metal. The plate was very light, and almost as bright as silver. The goldsmith told the Emperor that he had made the metal from plain clay. He also assured the Emperor that only he, himself, and the gods knew how to produce these metal from clay. The emperor felt immediately, however, that all his treasures of gold and silver would decline in value if people started to produce this bright metal of clay. Therefore, instead of giving the goldsmith the regard expected, he ordered him to be beheaded† (p. 1). The existence of this young metal was established by an Englishman H.  Davy in 1808 which he called â€Å"aluminium,† but this name was later changed to Aluminum (USA). Thus, both aluminium (U. K. ) and aluminum continues to be use to call this metal. Nevertheless, it was not until 1825 that pure aluminum was extracted by the Dane N. C. Oerested, though actually, he was only able to produce tiny amounts. Eskin pointed out that between 1827 and 1845, the German F. Wohler â€Å"developed the first process to produce aluminum powder by reacting potassium with anhydrous aluminum chloride† (p. ). It was also Wohler who determined some physical properties of aluminum such as its density which according to Eskin, â€Å"appeared to be the most remarkable characteristic of the new metal† (p. 1). Citing the description of Jules Verne about this newly discovered metal in his â€Å"From the Earth to the Moon† in 1865, Verne wrote: â€Å"This valuable metal possesses the whiteness of silver, the indestructibility of gold, the tenacity of iron, the fusibility of copper, the lightness of glass. It is easily wrought, is very widely distributed, forming the base of most rocks, is three times lighter than iron, and seems to have been created for the purpose of furnishing us with the material for our projectile† (p. 2) By 1854, a French chemist by the name of Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville improved the method used by Wohler which facilitated the aluminum commercial production that resulted to the dropping of price from approximately $1200 per kilogram in 1852 to just about forty dollars per kilogram in 1859. But aluminum’s price remained costly for voluminous use. Not long when Charles Martin Hall discovered an inexpensive method for the aluminum production. Mary Bellis noted that extracting pure aluminum was not easy as it is never found free in nature. This difficulty made aluminum a precious metal during this period, but with Martin hall’s invention of aluminum processor which was patented in 1888 had made aluminum processing easy that brought aluminum price down to an even lower at eighteen cents a pound (Bellis, Mary). According to the American society for metals, aluminum is the most â€Å"abundant metal in the earth’s crust† (ASM, ASM International Handbook Committee 1990, p. 35) was a development of this century. It derives its name from the Latin alumen meaning bitterness. The ASM International stated that aluminum was first exhibited in 1855, but it was difficult to obtain during this period that it was more expensive than gold. During this time, companies producing aluminum had difficulty attracting buyers due to its high cost at $2 a pound. It was only after one manufacturer discovered, it made good, inexpensive tea kettles that the price declined at cents a pound, and by the 1900 it was down to 32 cents per pound (p. 35). Production of aluminum however, was low until World War II, but in 1963, the aluminum industry which was undreamed of during the 1900, employed 35, 970 people in 951 plants with payroll of $221, 567,000. Thus in the first seven months of 1968 alone, more than 412,000 Mg (450 tons) of aluminum were cast in the United States. John Gilbert Kaufman and Elwin L. Rooy pointed out that the first important market for aluminum were the castings following the commercialization of the Hall-Heroult electrolytic reduction process (p. 1). Kaufman and Rooy stressed that at first application were merely â€Å"limited to curiosities such as house numbers, hand mirrors, combs, brushes, tie clamps, and decorative lamp housings that emphasized the light weight, silvery finish, and novelty of the new metal† (p. 1). Furthermore, Kaufman and Rooy cited that cast aluminum cookware was invented and was a welcome alternative to cast iron and brass pots, pans, and kettles (p. ). As the production of aluminum increases, its cost steadily declined, and by the end of the 19th century, â€Å"important engineering application became economically viable† (p. 1). From this point onward, the use of aluminum in some industry features prominently. Kaufman and Rooy stated that the use of aluminum played important role electrification. Aluminum was well suited to the electrification demand of a low-density, corrosion resistant, and high-conductivity wire and cable. Aluminum was also suited to transmission towers and cast installation hardware, and was also in demand to automotive pioneers who â€Å"sought innovative materials and product forms to differentiate the performance and appearance of their products† (Kaufman Rooy, p. 1). More importantly, Kaufman and Rooy noted that when the Wright Brothers succeeded in powerful flight, engine and other parts in cast aluminum â€Å"represented the beginning of a close collaboration with what would become the aviation industry† (p. 1). The earliest design rules for aluminum structures according to Randolph Kissell and Robert L.  Ferry were developed at Alcoa around 1930 and were used â€Å"to design the aluminum deck and floor beams installed on the Smithfield street Bridge in Pittsburg in 1933 (Ferry 2002, p. 217). After the publication of the American Society of Civil Engineers of an article entitled â€Å"Specification for Structures of a Moderate Strength Aluminum Alloy of High Resistance to Corrosion† in 1952 and similar other publications in 1956, major aluminum producers led by Alcoa as the number aluminum producer, followed by Reynolds and Kaiser began to developed structural design books for their product (Kissel Ferry, p. 17). From this point on, aluminum has become important components of the construction manual series which included the following: Section 1: Specifications for aluminum structures; section 1A: Commentary on Specifications for Aluminum Structure; section 2 Illustrative Examples of Designs; Section 3: Engineering Data for Aluminum Structures; and, section 5: Specification for Aluminum Sheet Metal Work in Building Construction (p. 18). From its humble beginnings, the use of aluminum has evolve from simple curiosities such as house numbers, combs, pins, and other small items made from aluminum, to become an important material in almost business industries from automotive to aero space industry, to construction industry. Below is a classification table for aluminum which characterizes its description and its properties.

Therapeutic Horseback Riding

Therapeutic Horseback Riding Running Head: THERAPEUTIC HORSEBACK RIDING Abstract Therapeutic horseback riding is very beneficial for a rider of any age and had been used as a way of improving the health and physically good state of a person with a handicap or disability. Therapeutic horseback riding is a good way of teaching a kid with disabilities how to react and grow while working with horses. Horses have an uncanny way of communicating with a person and knowing how to work with them to benefit them no matter how long they have known the person. Many miracles have happened with people who were disabled and told they couldnt do something but with some work are able to now. I have heard many success stories in the news and in the paper about people getting into accidents or becoming unable to move and after many years of hard work on horseback they are able to take their first step again! Therapeutic Horseback Riding Eleven years ago, Henry Boersmas stroke left him not only paralyzed on his left side, but without the self-confidence he once had in his career as a regional industrial representative. It took a move to Ocala and volunteering with MTRA Marion Therapeutic Riding Association) to not only find his self-esteem again, but also regain his physical strength-on the back of a horse. When Henry, now 64, heard someone from the Marion Therapeutic Riding Association speak at a meeting of a local stroke club about five years ago, Henry decided to give it a try, even though he had never been on a horse in his life. â€Å"The first time I was on a horse, I was really sore the next day! Now I ride once a week, and volunteer 5 days a week. I feed the horses, clean their hooves, and even help clean the fields and carry the manure! I go home tired, but it feels good. This is such a great program. Two years ago Henry won the Exceptional Challenge Cup at the National United Professional Horseman Associat ion competition in Kansas City. He won third overall too. (Marion, 2007) Therapeutic horseback riding can help people in many ways and can be traced throughout the ages. There is documentation of individuals exploring the different therapeutic ways of horsemanship as far back as 600 B.C. The first study actually documented can be traced back to 1875 where Cassaign, a doctor, prescribed horseback riding his patients and believed that riding would and did benefit the patient. There were many patients with all different issues like; neurological disorders, joint pain, people being told they will never walk again, and people with balance issues. A hospital in England called Oxford tells their patients or injured soldiers from World War I to ride. (Marion, 2007) Due to the unique bond formed between human and animal. Many people throughout the ages have realized the importance of riding for people with disorders of all kinds. History According to the Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, therapeutic riding is mostly attributed to Lis Hartel. She was stuck in wheelchair and even though she could barley walk she was very determined to keep riding despite her disability. Hartel was stricken with polio in 1940 and that illness made her limited to how much she could move. Even though she was limited in her mobility she still rode all the time and due to that she was successful in rehabilitating herself through horseback riding. She was so successful that she went and won two Olympic silver medals for Grand Prix Dressage in 1952 and 1956. This caught the attention of therapists, and doctors and Hartel paired with a physical therapist and together started one of the first. (ORourke, 2004) Therapeutic Riding According to All and Loving (1999) therapeutic horseback riding, which can also be called equine-assisted is an emerging activity used for a person with a range of mental, physical, social or emotional needs and who need special attention to survive in life. This kind of riding is greatly beneficial for the rider as a way of improving health and a well being of people with handicaps and disabilities. There are two services in therapeutic riding equine assisted activities and equine assisted therapy. Equine assisted activities are activities with the horses provided by trained professionals, but more focusing on recreational, leisure, sport or education some examples are therapeutic riding, driving or equine facilitated learning. All these activities are guided by an educational or learning model and skills are taught to riders and students. (Bieber N. 1996) Equine Assisted Activities- Therapeutic riding is usually most effective in children because they are learning from the horse mental and social development. These activities produce many improvements and many success stories in riders of all ages. Some activities they do on horse back are identifying shapes, colors, numbers, letters, and pictures and also playing games to help the kids function while working a horse but also improving on their flexibility, balance, posture, breathing, and verbal abilities. There are hundreds of programs around the world as well as many organizations that work with the various forms of therapeutic riding including hippo therapy which is a treatment strategy used by occupational, physical and speech therapists and use the horse as a therapeutic tool. The movement of the horse is helps by influencing neuromuscular changes in the patient. Psychotherapy- There is psychotherapy which is used by a mental health professional and uses the horse not as a tool but in different ways for a therapeutic benefit. Horses often provide the best therapy for patients because they do not have to suffer from the unreliability of a person. (Warner Saleh, 2007). Horses are honest, which forces the patient to become responsible for their actions. Patients who refuse to admit to their responsibilities encounter many difficulties in working with a horse. Once a patient begins to admit their mistakes and search for ways to fix them, then they are naturally rewarded by the horse being more intuitive to their actions. Equine Assisted Therapy- The other service is Equine Assisted Therapy; these services are taught by licensed medical professional. To be a professional in this kind of program they have to go through proper training, education and state license appropriate to their practice. Examples of this practice are hippo therapy and equine assisted psychotherapy. How they use the horses to help treat the patients is by utilizing the horses movement to meet the patients goal based on what their disability is. But these horses help the patients not only with acquiring a relationship with the animal and learning to care for the animal but riding a horse provides a often profound and unique activity for many people. The motion of the horse, the concentration it takes to learn how to ride and the communication between their instructor and rider allow the patient to benefit from riding even with a disability and is a fun kind of therapy. This therapy has many benefits because when horseback riding gently and rhythmically mov es the riders body so similar to a humans gait that patients with physical disabilities show improvement in flexibility, balance and muscle strength. But with patients who have a more mental or emotional disability the relationship the patients have with the horse can lead to an more confident person with more self esteem than when first started. (Bieber N. 1996) Who Can Benefit? Physically Disabled- Some advantages of therapeutic riding are; physically therapeutic riding can be beneficial to many people with special needs. Riding is a physical activity and people who are mentally disabled benefit from it with an improvement of physical tasks, balance, muscle strength, flexibility, joint movement, and posture. Some physical disabilities that this helps with is muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, amputation, paralysis, spinal bifida, downs syndrome, etc. (Beiber, 1996) Balance and Posture- Horseback riding requires balance and posture for any rider. Patients lacking good balance and posture get a lot of work on it when riding from the very moment they hop on the back of a horse. The movement from the horse causes the rider to strengthen its core muscles and the movement works on both sides of the rider helping with the position. The connection between riders is the most important element in building a patient up to improve in different areas.(Beiber, 1996) Strength and Flexibility- The movement of a horse requires good strength and flexibility, the muscle regions that are used the most when riding are the back, buttocks, legs, ankles, knees and hips. Riding can also benefit smaller muscles and joints throughout the body in an activity or exercise. This exercise helps riders with low muscles tone and loose flexibility and helps strengthen and tighten the muscles. But it also works in reverse ways also and people with high muscle tone work on relaxing the muscle and moving with the gait of the horse.(Beiber, 1996) Mentally Disabled- People with sensory and cognitive disabilities can be helped on horseback also. Some examples of disabilities that can get help are: mental retardation, autism, brain damage, down syndrome, developmental disorders, ADD/ADHD, dyslexia, learning disabilities, etc. When riding you have to be very attentive and reason skills but also remember things that you have learned as halting, going, trotting, ect. Due to riding building knowledge as time progresses, simple tasks grow into complex skills that can help provide the rider with intellectual stimulation. Riding involves a lot of information in a small amount of time and in a lesson a rider is asked to interpret sensory information they are learning from the horse, instructor, and environment around them.(Sterba J 2007) The rider has to gain and learn all this information that is appropriate for learning riding skills. The motion, feel, smell, sound and sight of a horse is a lot to absorb especially for a mentally disabled person. Even t hough the instructors take it slow and let the student process this information. According to the North American Riding for Handicapped Association (NAHRA, 2002) â€Å"Riding is both relaxing and demanding for students of all cognitive abilities, depending on the focus of the lesson.† Why horses are therapeutic If you have ever looked at a small childs drawing or play toys they have always drawn horses or played with horses even if they have never seen or ridden one. When watching a horse movie you are always cheering or gasping when a horse is running onto the screen or racing in a big derby like Seabiscut . Many children loved that movie or Black Beauty and watched them over and over, playing with toy horses, or having a rocker to ride. I know my niece does and she is only two years old and has never seen a horse, but she rides her rocking horses every day. A horses special power A horse holds a special power that people of all ages will never out grow. No matter if you love or hate horses, if you see a beautiful horse you gasp and love it but then if you see an emaciated, almost dead horse your heart goes out to it. A simple picture of a horse can emotionally move us and interacting with one can strengthen someone who needs it. Horses do have natural healing powers and, if you have ever been around a horse and actually spent some alone time with them it can make you grow so fond of that horse and make you feel like the most amazing person possible. They love to cuddle. They are always curious and can put a smile on any face. So when someone with a mental or physical disorder comes with them, it help the person grow from the inside out and starting with the heart. If you show love to a horse they will show as much love as they can give to you. If you get mad at a horse and they realize they have done bad they will come up to you and try and kiss you and make up to like a dogs does. Those little things a horse does really shows to someone who has trouble mentally because it shows they do care. When interacting with a horse it immediately challenges issues of fear and confidence and horses are very responsive to human emotion and actions. Horses will sense and respond to a students negative emotions and behaviors. If you are frustrated on a horse the horse will sense that and become frustrated also. This shows a person that they need to recognize the effects of their emotions while riding and put all that aside.(Loving 1999) Advantage of Riding One advantage is a horse will never lie to you. Horses will truthfully tell you how it is and never hide emotions. Horses also do not respond nicely to bullying or aggressive behavior, a horse will kick or bite you and never hesitates to tell you â€Å"how it is.† To be able to work correctly with a horse a person needs to be aware of their methods of communication and be able to solve any problems that may come upon them when riding so they get positive responses from the horse. (Loving, 1999) Another positive thing is horses will not judge you they will react simply to what is or has happened or how they feel. People soon learn that the â€Å"labels† that are constantly used in todays society dont apply. They can â€Å"tell it to the horse—he doesnt care† Because of this people who are in therapy are able to learn to truly be themselves and enjoy for the first time in their lives! (Loving 1999) Individuals with emotional, social and mental disabilities benefit in many ways with therapeutic horseback riding. A study found that patients experience increased confidence and improved self-concept and with these activities it helps in a patients social skill. Horses also can help a person feel in control because you are telling the horse to do something and they will do it. A person also improves in communication due to learning how to care for and ride a horse, the patient has to be able to communicate with the horse and the instructor. Riding is a very social activity. Riding helps empower people and enables them to connect on a personal level. Also the unpredictable nature of animals and situations also creates a real-life environment in which the patient will be able to confront fears and make adjustments to situation that can be beyond their control. (Warner C Saleh S 2007) Skills you need to teach Some skills you will need to have to become an instructor or do therapy with the kids on horseback is: You are going to need a lot of patience and consideration to the kids, they do not understand everything going on and it is usually a new environment for them. If you are doing therapy with the kids you need the proper education as a four year college and proper physical therapy degree also. When coaching or instructing you are going to need a degree in an equine program for example equine industries management, so you know how to work with a horse and control a horse if it may go out of control. Other things that will be useful to have is being a happy person and not a grouchy person. A student does not want a grumpy teacher when they are trying to do something but a person who is happy and always cheering them on and helping them achieve the goals they have set for. You really need to have a positive attitude about everything so it is easier on you and the student but also be able to communicate well and if worse comes to worse have a plan B if plan A falls through. You want to be able to make the therapy lessons fun and enjoyable for the students also so they want to come back and enjoy what they are doing. This horse program is an integral part of any ranch and therefore are required to attend sessions at the barn regularly. When you first appear at the ranch you start working with a horse learning the safety, care, feeding, grooming, and as well the basic behavior and herd interaction of a horse. You participate in horse classes with a team of trainers two times a week for an hour and a half each time. Very few students who approach a ranch proclaim they hate horses and want nothing to do with them which is mostly a fear factor. But usually by the time they are done with their program they loves horses and cant get enough of them. These programs have been found to be very successful with the inexperienced as you are able to have a fresh start with them and easily shape the nature of their experience. In conclusion I have found out with a lot of the research I have been doing that when riding a horse you can really grow and become able to do things that you were not able before as; walking, making friends, and the daily chores a person must do. When riding a horse you also form a bond with the horse and learn how to work with such a big animal and you really can grow from the experience and develop better physical, mental and sociological skills that you could not learn before. Therapeutic horse back riding has many benefits and can help people achieve their dreams as it has already done for many others. Therapeutic horseback riding can be a very rewarding experience for the student and the teacher if you put the time and effort in it. Many people say that it is dangerous and students can get hurt but a professional will not put a kid on a high spirited horse all the horses they use are dead broke and are specially trained for this type of work. They are used to high pitched noise s and mentally disabled kids. For these horses this is not their first rodeo.

Motherhood in Barbara Kingsolvers The Bean Trees :: Kingsolver Bean Trees Essays

Motherhood in The Bean Trees In the novel, The Bean Trees, by Barbara Kingsolver, we watch as Taylor grows a great deal. This young woman takes on a huge commitment of caring for a child that doesn't even belong to her. The friends that she acquired along the way help teach her about love and responsibility, and those friends become family to her and Turtle. Having no experience in motherhood, she muddles through the best she can, as all mothers do. Marietta was raised in a small town in Kentucky. When she became an adult, she decided she needed a change. She wanted a different name and a different place to call home. She got in her Volkswagon, started driving, and on this journey she changed her name to Taylor. A stranger gave her a three year old Indian child to take care of, who she names Turtle. The two finally settle down in Tucson, where they live with a single mom who is also from a small town in Kentucky. Taylor works for a woman who hides political refugees in her home, and Taylor becomes good friends with two of them. These two refugees act as Turtle's parents and sign over custody to Taylor, so that Turtle could become her daughter legally. Taylor was very unsure about whether or not she would be a good mom, but in the end she realizes that Turtle belongs with her, and that Tucson is home. The first half of The Bean Trees was hard to stay interested in. Although the book had a lot of action, it could have been spread out more. It wasn't until the middle of the book that we found out what was medically wrong with Turtle, why she was so lethargic. Considering this child was such a major part of Taylor's life, and would change her future completely, she was not talked about as much as she could have been. It's like half the time she forgot Turtle was there. "It's funny how people don't give that much thought to what kids want, as long as they're being quiet"(280). I understand that Turtle was just dropped in Taylor's lap, but I still think Turtle deserved to have more attention given to her than she did. I would have liked Turtle to have been the child that was taken from the refugees, the refugee woman showed her so much love.

A Night at Gatsby ´s Mansion :: The Great Gatsby

A Night at Gatsby  ´s Mansion There was a clear combination of the people that went to the party, high society people with lots of money, people with much less money and new rich people. Gatsby  ´s party was the result of an intense preparation made buy Gatsbys servants. There was a huge amount of the finest food around, tons of alcohol was served and of course that was not problem at all for there was a transport system for the wasted fellows. This was the perfect place for people to show all their finest suites, it was the place where lights and colors gleamed until daylight, when the last guests left the party. It is amazing how people arrived to the party without being invited, they arrived to the mansion, drunk it all, create a huge mess and then left, these where all people who hide themselves under bright colorful dresses, identity was not an important fact at the mansion for it was impossible to determine how people really where due to the shallowness of them, but this was of no concern to the host for he was never around. As I said people got drunk a created a terrible mess for the servants to clean the day after. What happened outside the manor was really a show, people dancing inside the pool, others puking in the bushes, some others trying not to be seen when they consumed drugs, but for our controvert journalist that was impossible for he was very concerned about everything that happened in the party. What might have seemed as the dream party was just an illusion because what really happened at the party was hiding in an underworld of lies, as a matter of fact dirty business where taking place mostly with frequent guests like Meyer Wolfshier the most known gangster in New

A Turkish Student and the Board of Regents :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

A Turkish Student and the Board of Regents In what ways can Iowa State University be improved? Responses to this question could vary widely depending on the background of the subject being interviewed. Perhaps an international student might suggest a new club or organization designed to acclimate foreign students to life on campus. However, John Couch, an international student from Turkey, had a much more unique response. Having a wide variety of friends isn't a large concern of his. He is more concerned with how the university is being run and the different boards and comities, in a particular the Board of Regents. John's opinion is that the Board of Regents isn't hearing the concerns of the students. In fact, they appear to be concerned less with the needs of the students and more concerned with the issues of funding. It is very unfortunate that the budget of the university has been cut, but the Board must still attempt to maintain a good relationship with the student body. The quality of education at Iowa State has suffered because of these budget cuts, and the Board has not posted any viable methods to attempt to replenish any of those lost dollars. When asked if he had any suggestions for going about this daunting task, John was unsure. There is definitely a need for more support to aid research, building renovations, and to allow for more teachers, reducing overall class sizes. John's opinion was influenced by his initial experiences at Iowa State. John spent two years in Iowa attending high school before choosing Iowa State. Even though when he graduated his family was still far away in Istanbul, Turkey, John was ready for college. He didn't know if he would fit in or if the other people would make fun of him, he just knew he was going to have fun and learn. John had heard about an organization called a fraternity and thought it sounded interesting. He would eventually join the university's chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon and would meet many new people.

Animal Cruelty and Puppy Mills

Ashley Buenaflor Informative Speech Outline Puppy Mills I. What are puppy mills? A. aka â€Å"puppy farm† B. breeding factory for dogs C. moms breed until they are too weak or until they die D. Conditions 1. Overcrowded in old farms, shed, or chicken coop 2. wired, unsanitary cages to minimize waste cleaning (in winter and summer) 3. food infested with maggots and water is green with algae 4. underfed malnourished – leads to puppies eating one another 5. never let out to play, develop leg problems . video – end at :55 E. Sold to pet stores 1. â€Å"lucky puppies† loaded into a truck, many don’t make it 2. develop diseases – epilepsy, heart disease, kidney disease, blood disorders, eye problems, musculoskeletal disease 3. sometimes develop socialization problems due to lack of affection and being taken away from their mothers II. Toby A. story B. sick when we got him C. leg problems/present day leg problems D. could have saved a lot of money I II. Why aren’t they outlawed? A. animal cruelty is illegal, puppy mills are not B. any puppy mills are licensed by the USDA C. the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) – defines minimum requirement standard care for dogs D. standard is far from what people consider humane E. many puppy mills are on illegal and on private property F. there are many puppy mill rescues that go to shelters (Chrystal & Anti-Cruelty Society) IV. How to stop puppy mills A. don’t buy puppies or products from pet stores B. don’t buy online C. buy from breeders 1. look for reputable breeders 2. can show you legitimate background information on the puppiesWorks Cited â€Å"Puppy Mill Awareness Day. †Ã‚  Puppy Mill Awareness Day. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. . â€Å"Puppy Mills : The Humane Society of the United States. †Ã‚  Puppy Mills : The Humane Society of the United States. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. . â€Å"Puppy Mills Are Cruel. †Ã‚  Nopetstorepuppies. com . N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. . â€Å"Puppy Mills. †Ã‚  ASPCA. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, n. d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. . â€Å"Shocking Conditions In Puppy Mills. †Ã‚  Shocking Conditions In Puppy Mills. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. .

Biggest Problems Facing Medicare and Problems Key Similarities and Differences Essay

Problems Facing Medicare and Medicaid The Federal Government has sponsored Health insurance programs such as Medicare as well as the Medicaid. Medical insurance for the elderly, disabled, as well as low-income Americans are covered by these insurance programs. In 1965, these programs took effect and the Health Care Finance Administration or the HCFA, of the Department of Health and Human Services administered these programs. Health Care coverage is provided by the US government to a variety of groups such as federal employees, military personnel, veterans as well as the Native Americans. However, the largest proportion of health care expenditures is accounted by the Medicare as well as Medicaid programs. The program of Medicaid provides Health services as well as residential care to more than 50 million Americans wherein each has unique personal needs. Medicaid provides payment for prenatal care for about one-third of the children of the nation, long-term care for more than 20 percent of elderly citizens as well as health safety for people with disabilities are provided. In addition to that several States works on similar initiative to cover the uninsured. Medicaid are facing severe crisis of sustainability. It was found that since 1990s a typical State was able to see that the medical costs have double the percentage of their budget and it was also projected that continued disproportionate growth is evident. In 2006, the combined federal as well as State expenditures totaled $320 billion and by 2016, they are projected to reach $580 billion (â€Å"Making Medicaid Work: A Practical Guide for Transforming Medicaid,† 2007). The Annual Medicaid Budget Survey Report have indicated that at the beginning of the state fiscal year 2008, according to the description of the Medical Directors, State fiscal situation is generally improving, the state revenues are increasing that allowed Governors as well as the state legislatures to restore many cuts as well as restrictions that have been adopted during the economic downturn, and adopt positive changes in Medicaid such as increase in provider payment rates as well as expansion in benefits and eligibility. The State policy decisions for 2007 and 2008, includes a clear focus on improving coverage as well as quality of care provider under the program  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Smith V.K., Edwards, B.C. & Tolbert, J. (2008). Across the states, however, signs that the economic climate was changing, emerged just a few months into state fiscal year 2008, in the fall of 2007. Studies have shown that the outlook was no longer positive as it had been in the case early in the state fiscal year (Smith V.K., Edwards, B.C. & Tolbert, J. (2008). Different Issues Facing Medicare and Medicaid Key Issues of Medicaid A lot of key issues, concerns and priorities in mid fiscal year 2008, have been identified by Medicaid Directors. On top of it were the effects of an increase in fiscal stress across states, a lot of federal state issues such as those impacting Medicaid enrollment and access, as well as their current efforts to address the uninsured (Smith V.K., Edwards, B.C. & Tolbert, J. (2008). Fiscal Stress across the States As described by the directors of the State Medicaid, in the last half calendar 2007, economic situation in a lot of states leveled off unexpectedly and in some cases deteriorated. Results have shown that early in fiscal year 2008, the revenues came in below projections on which the state policy makers had based the state budget. Based on the report â€Å"as the state approached the mid-point in fiscal year 2008, the outlook for the immediate future was less optimistic than it had been at the beginning of the year. The directors of Medicaid had also described in the budget survey that at the beginning of state fiscal year 2008, they strongly sense that the state economies were rebounding as compared to the recent years, according to recent rates of growth in state revenues. Due to Annual changes in each state’s federal Medicaid matching rate, the states budget is affected. It would be difficult to achieve significant Medicaid cost savings now than it had been during the last economic downturn and Medicaid cost control actions are not often easy and almost always have impacts on the effectiveness of the program (Smith V.K., Edwards, B.C. & Tolbert, J. (2008). Issues of the Federal-State The recent federal regulatory changes are adverse to the states, according to Directors of Medicaid, and it will provide negative impact on the programs including the proposed changes regarding the Medicaid benefit design as well as the Medicaid financing arrangements. They also have singled out the Health Information Technology as an example of the state-federal relations moving in a positive way (Smith V.K., Edwards, B.C. & Tolbert, J. (2008). Improving Access in Medicaid In Medicaid the issue of access had been perennial because of generally lower rates of provider reimbursement in most of the states, occasional budget-driven cuts or freezes, as well as rate increases occurring at certain intervals when authorized by state legislatures. Few providers of specific types as well as commercially insured patients encountered access problem for certain specialists such as psychiatrists, pediatric specialists in some states. Directors have also expressed concern over access to oral as well as mental health services. It was observed that in many states there are few dental health providers who participate in the Medicaid program. Moreover, participation has not been improved just by the rate of increases. In fact, one state reported that despite the rate adjustments, even dental clinic of public university would no longer serve Medicaid patients. In addition to that, while access to mental health services suffers from lack of providers, the issue gets more c omplicated by the lack of resources and need to coordinate with other agencies in order to provide non-medical services (Smith V.K., Edwards, B.C. & Tolbert, J. (2008). Enrolment in Medicaid â€Å"The total Medicaid enrollment dropped by -0.5% in fiscal year 2007on average across all states, with increase enrollment for almost half of the states and decrease enrollment for over half of the states. Reports indicated that Medicaid caseload was showing flat or continued downward-sloping caseload trend, and in addition to that, several state indicated that their current projections had been revised upward. Where the caseload was now increasing, the upward caseload trend was thought to be associated with a more sluggish economy (Smith V.K., Edwards, B.C. & Tolbert, J. (2008). The Health Care Reform and Covering of the Uninsured The Governors, as reported by the Medicaid directors are interested in reforming the health care system as well as the strategies to reduce the number of individuals who do not have health insurance coverage. A lot of states have proposed initiatives to address the problem of the continuous increase of the number of uninsured nationally. In some states their goal is universal coverage, on the other hand, others focused on increasing coverage options for the targeted populations (Smith V.K., Edwards, B.C. & Tolbert, J. (2008). Key Issues of Medicare One of the major problems of Medicare program is that financing mechanisms of Medicare will not be able to sustain it in the long run. Another concern is that the structure of the program which in large measure reflects health care delivery and political considerations in effect at the enactment, has failed to keep pace with the changes in the health care system as a whole. A lot of individual suggest that in order to address this problems major structural reform are required. However, to others the existing system should be improved rather than replaced. As of now, there has been no consensus reached. The major focus in the recent years has been on providing prescription drug coverage for beneficiaries. According to some observers, it would not be appropriate to add new costly benefit before structural reforms are enacted, while others stated that seniors, particularly low-income seniors, should not be required to wait for benefits until resolution of the entire restructuring issue (O’Sullivan, Chaikind, and Tilson, 2001). Program financing is the major concern to policy makers. Another important issue that they are facing is whether the program has responded to changes in the health care delivery. Another issue is fraud in Medicare. Sometimes beneficiaries are not safe, that is why Medicare is working hard in order to protect them from being a victim of fraud (Quick Facts About Medicare Prescription Drug Coverage and Protecting Your Personal Information). Key similarities of the Problem Both Medicare and Medicaid are having problems in sustaining the program. â€Å"The biggest problem that the Federal Government is facing is fraud in Medicare as well as Medicaid. They wish to address the problem by teaching the beneficiaries of Medicare and Medicaid on how to avoid being the victims of fraud, waste and abuse. Mr. Clarkson stated that everyone is at stake in this since the money lost, in these practices has an impact on premiums and deductibles and could result in cutbacks to these programs† (â€Å"Medicare Fraud,† 2008).

The meaning of depreciation and why it occurs

1.What is depreciation and why do we account for it?Depreciation is the continous monthly devaluing of movable assets, allowed by SARS to enable concerns to cipher existent values on such assets. All movable assets depreciate in value over clip, as they are used in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours concern and vehicles in peculiar lose value as they aquire Kms and acquire older The depreciation procedure allows concerns to let for replacing of such movable assets as good as to enable such concerns to sell off such assets when new 1s are neccesary 2.Do two vehicles of the same brand with similar characteristics deprectiate at the same rate. Why is this so? Vehicles of the same brand, could deprecate at different rates due to different applications eg a driver of one vehicle may make higher milage than the following. The status of the vehicle is besides influenced by its application ( what it is used for ) every bit good as driving manners service intervals, accidents etc. 3.What factors, exept the brand of the vehicle, act upon the monetary value of a second-hand auto? Used vehicle values are influenced by a big assortment of factors, of which supply and demand most surely have the biggest influence. Other factors which are of import to observe are: 3.1 General status of the vehicle 3.2 Cost of fixs neccesary to market the used vehicle efficaciously, eg Tyre wear, etc. 3.3 Mileage 3.4 Age or Year theoretical account 4. If a newer theoretical account of a auto comes out, how does this impact the monetary value of the old theoretical account and the second-hand market? A new theoretical account does non neccesarily act upon the monetary value of a used theoretical account negatively.This procedure is driven entirely by supply and demand. There are many cases of used vehicles really appreciating after a new theoretical account is launched. Major conrtibuting factors to such scenarios would be the monetary value, handiness, and popularity of the freshly launched theoretical account as opposed to its pre dessesor.eg The new theoretical account may non be as popular due do whatever ground ( monetary value, reliabilty, features etc ) A good illustration of this is the Toyota Landcruizer Pickup ( these vehicles really increase in value because of the of all time increasing monetary value of newer theoretical accounts ) I many cases the opposite is true. Newly launched theoretical account genarally offer more characteristics as good every bit good as modernised styling and forms and the increased demand may so influenceowners of old theoretical accounts to purchase, doing an over supply on used theoretical accounts, therefore act uponing valuse of used vehicles negatively. 5.How does VAT work in the sale of a second-hand auto? Input VAT is claimed by the trader on the prurchase monetary value ( trade-in monetary value ) at the set rate, effectivley devaluating the vehicle by 14 % at the current VAT rate. A net income border is so added to the adjusted cost monetary value of the vehicle and VAT added to the amount of the adjusted cost monetary value plus the net income border ( retail monetary value ) VAT is hence efficaciously charged merely on the accomplished net income of a used vehicle 6.Are there any guidelines when pricing a second-hand auto? The most normally used guidline is a used value brochure issued by Mead and Mcgrouther, naming used vehicle values by maker per theoretical account derived function. These guidelines are compliled by manner of a complex coverage system aquired by the providers of the brochure from information gathered monthly from a broad spectrum of traders who report to Mead and Mc Grouther on the follwing issues. 1. Higest monetary value realised on each specific brand and theoretical account. 2. lowest monetary value realised on each specific brand and theoretical account 3. Condition of the vehicles reported, categorised into exellent, good, just etc 4 Mileage of the vehicles reported The guidelines in the brochure list both the suggested trade in monetary value every bit good as the suggested retail monetary value. These monetary values, used in concurrence with a formulated graph in the dorsum of the brochure, stipulating the per centum allowed for addition/deduction as per the status of the vehicle and its milage determines the guideline used by the trader to explicate a value. Other factors which may act upon this value are fixs neccesary to market the vehicle effectivley as stipulated under inquiry 3: 7.What can a concern or individual do to act upon the monetary value that they could acquire for a trade-in? 1. Ensure that your auto is clean and free of defects 2 Service on a regular basis with a commissioned service fix Centre ( perferably with a franchise trader ) 3. Ensure that the service manual is up to day of the month and in the vehicle for review 4. Keep elaborate transcripts of all interventions/repairs and service bills as a history file for anterior review when merchandising the vehicle 8.Is there a peculiar clip of the twelvemonth that it is better to purchase or sell or trade-an a vehicle? Historically makers tend to lauch new theoretical accounts at twelvemonth terminal. In the yesteryear, it was possible to registry such freshly lauched theoretical accounts in the undermentioned twelvemonth provided the vehicle was registered within 21 yearss of reception of the vehicle as per the 21 twenty-four hours temporay license issued. However the new Natis systemdoes non let for this and it is hence unpointed buying a vehicle before twelvemonth terminal. It would besides be wise to take monetary value hikings, historically scheduled by manufactureres for near on twelvemonth terminal, into consideration in concurrence with the twelvemonth of regiistration eg.it would non neccesarlily be better to wait a month or so to enable you to purchase a auto registerd in the undermentioned twelvemonth if monetary value hikings eliminate the salvaging you may hold had when trading in your vehicle Cheaper vehicles tend to bring better monetary values during Jan through the first portion of Feb as demand is increased by pupils, and public-service corporation type vehicles tend to bring better monetary values at the start of the vacation seasons 1.What is depreciation and why do we account for it? The older the vehicle the less the trade in 2.Do two vehicles of the same brand with similar characteristics depreciate at the same rate? Why is this so? The first twelvemonth both autos will deprecate approx 37 % .A It usually depreciates between 27-30 % , evidently the more expensive the vehicle, the more depreciation in rand value 3.What factors, except the brand of the vehicle, act upon the monetary value of a second-hand auto? Vehicle must be orderly and tidy ; tyres in good status, non involved in an accident, upholstery in good status, the lower the milage the better, no bit marks on windshield, rust free 4. If a newer theoretical account of a auto comes out, how does this impact the monetary value of the old theoretical account and the Second-hand market? Normally if a new theoretical account comes out, it comes with an addition in monetary value, to acquire rid of old theoretical accounts ASAP ; A all depends on the fiscal place of client, if a smart face lift of the new theoretical account, client will instead purchase new one 5.How does VAT work in the sale of a second-hand auto? Precisely the same for new autos, VAT is collectible for both 6.Are there any guidelines when pricing a second-hand auto? One has to follow the guidelines in the Mead & A ; McGrouther ; following taken into consideration: A low milage, status, tyres, rust, accident free 7.What can a concern or individual do to act upon the monetary value that they could acquire for a trade-in? Same as inquiry 3 8.Is there a peculiar clip of the twelvemonth that it is better to purchase or sell or trade-an a vehicle? If you trade in a vehicle in Nov/Dec you will acquire more, but on the other manus if you buy in January, auto will be registered in the New Year.Section 11.What is depreciation and why do we account for it?Depreciation is the lasting and go oning decline in the quality, measure or value of an plus. Depreciation Accounting trades with the allotment of costs of fixed assets over their utile lives. For illustration, when we buy fixed plus like mill machinery, this is simply an beforehand payment of which we expect that this fixed plus is able to heighten or gain certain net incomes for the concern. Over a period of clip, the fixed plus we buy will go valueless or unable to bring forth the necessary net incomes. To reflect this go oning decline in the value of the mill machinery, we need to use depreciation accounting. The grounds for depreciation are: wear and tear, obsolescence, falls in market monetary value, effluxion of clip, physical factors, and insufficiency. Reasons why we account for depreciation are: to determine the net earnings/profit for an accounting period, depreciation demands to be computed. Depreciation usually constitutes a major portion of the disbursals of the concern. As the concern buys fixed assets, it expects the fixed assets over the utile lives are able to bring forth the necessary grosss for its concern. Whilst grosss being earned and if there is no allotment of depreciation cost to fit this gross, income will so be overstated. Besides, fixed assets in the Balance Sheet will be overstated if depreciation is non provided for. Merely that portion of the costs of fixed assets that have non expired should be reflected in the Balance sheet otherwise the fiscal statement would non reflect a true and just position. And if depreciation is non provided for and presuming if the whole net incomes were withdrawn during the life of the plus, extra capital would hold to be raised when it is clip to replace the fixed assets. By bear downing depreciation against net incomes, the ultimate residuary net income available for distribution is lowered and that financess are retained in the concern for future replacing 2.Look in a newspaper for two different makes of new autos ( e.g. A Hyundai and a Mercedes ) of your pick and note their monetary values. Find the same two makes of autos with similar characteristics for sale second-hand guaranting that they both are every bit old as the other ( e.g. 2 old ages old ) . Calculate how much each brand of auto has deprecated per centum wise over the clip period. Did both makes depreciate by the same per centum? Explain why do you believe this is so? The depreciation of a vehicle largely depends on the application of it by the driver. Therefore, two vehicles of the same brand and theoretical account may deprecate a different rate. A vehicle will usually deprecate at a rate of 27-30 % per twelvemonth. 3.Besides theoretical accounts, describe other factors the influence the monetary value of a second-hand auto. Second manus auto monetary value must be based upon the marketability of the auto, which you wish to sell. If brand and theoretical account of your auto is new, so decidedly you may wish to sell it every bit shortly as possible. Other factors which may act upon the monetary value of a second-hand auto are: milage, status, particular characteristics of the auto, who has been driving the auto, gasoline ingestion and has any major decorative or mechanical betterments been made to the auto recently. 4.If a new theoretical account of a peculiar auto comes out, how does that impact the monetary value of the old theoretical account and what consequence does this hold on the second-hand market? When a newer theoretical account of a auto comes out, the monetary value of the old theoretical account will be cheaper. This is due to the fact that the older auto theoretical account is out dated. Its engineering is less advanced than the newer theoretical accounts. On the other manus, a vehicle may be popular and therefore the monetary value will go on to increase. 5.How does VAT work in the sale of a second-hand auto? There are two ways in which motor traders handle VAT on used vehicles. Some charge VAT merely on the net income they make on the sale of the auto. This is known as the second-hand border strategy, used by most auto traders. Alternatively, they can bear down VAT on the entire dealing cost – that is the second-hand merchandising monetary value achieved. It depends on how they choose to maintain their records. The second-hand border strategy requires more paperwork from the trader. He must, for illustration, maintain the relevant stock books, which include inside informations such as the auto ‘s engine figure. Each method of bear downing VAT is legal, and HMRC is concerned merely that the trader tells them which strategy he is utilizing. There is no duty for the trader to state the client at the beginning which method of bear downing VAT will be used. Nor is at that place a legal right for the client to cognize, or be told, how much of the monetary value comprises VAT. Yet as VAT on the full purchase monetary value is likely to be instead more than VAT on the trader ‘s net income on the dealing, it seems to me worth inquiring which method of bear downing VAT a auto trader uses before make up one's minding to purchase.6.Are there guidelines for all traders when pricing second-hand autos?Pricing of used autos can be affected by geographics: for illustration, a saloon will do more sence in a metropolis than in an waterless country where it is hard to drive. Similarly, pickups are frequently more in demand in rural than urban scenes. Condition – Is the auto in excellent, good or just status – has a major impact on pricing. Condition is based on visual aspects, vehicle history, mechanical status and milage. There is much subjectiveness in how the status of a auto is evaluated.7.List some things a individual or concern can make to act upon the monetary value that they could acquire for a trade-in?When it comes to acquiring value for y our trade-in, one should ever make 1s homework.The key to making good in a dealing with a trader is to be knowledgeable.Before heading to the auto batch, research your auto online. One should understand the market every bit good. Be realistic about what you ‘re selling, expression at your milage and how good the auto has been kept. All these things come into drama when valuing your auto. Cleaning your auto may somewhat increase your autos book value. Regardless of what the car pricing ushers say, it ‘s up to the trader to accept your trade-in. So, it ‘s of import to look at your auto or truck from the trader ‘s point of view.One of the franchise ‘s major concerns is finding how rapidly your trade-in is likely to sell to another purchaser. When trading-in a auto, a trader looks at the vehicle, walks around it, look into it to see if it ‘s had pigment work and look into to see if any harm has been done to it and take the vehicle for a thrust. They will look into to see what mend the vehicle will necessitate to acquire up to standard or they have to make up one's mind if it would be excessively much to hold the fixs done. They will besides be cognizant of what a auto is presently selling for. A smaller auto trade-in that are in great status menu better right now.If you have a clean, used auto, with no accidents and no amendss, and if it ‘s a four-cylinder or six-cylinder engine, it will convey a just monetary value. Of class, it ‘s up to the consumer to research in progress what that just monetary value could be. If you ‘re merchandising in a newer-model used auto, so surprisingly, it could work against you. If it ‘s a twelvemonth or less, the auto could still be viing with new cars of the same brand and theoretical account. In add-on, the maker may be offering particular inducements for the new auto. Separate the trade-in and new auto transactions.There are many variables involved in buying a new ( or new-to-you ) auto, including the finance rate, new auto monetary value and down payment sum. Make certain the monetary value you get for your trade is non affected by any of them. The first trader you meet, maintain your options open when negociating a trade in, do non restrict yourself to merely one trader.Section 21.What is an plus registry and what does it include?The plus registry is a tool, which helps you to remain in control of your assets in a simple and efficient mode. Here, you register all the inside informations for each single plus: designation figure of plus, description of plus, on which day of the month it was bought, cost, how it was financed, rate and method of depreciation, one-year depreciation for each twelvemonth of its life, current book value, day of the month of disposal and returns from disposal.2.How does a concern make up one's mind what vehicle to buy-model, do, colour, ect? On what are these determinations based?Obviously fundss will be the biggest factor when make up one's minding what vehicle to buy. The vehicle must be low-cost, fuel efficient and easy maintained to cut down the running cost. It will besides hold to an intended intent. For illustration, an electrician requires a pick-up truck to be able to transport his equipment ; a saloon will be of no usage to him at all. A company like Henning Crushers will purchase big choice truck to transport bricks and other natural stuffs.3.What method and rate of depreciation does your concern usage and why?A concern like Henning crusher depreciates its vehicles at a rate of 15 % a twelvemonth on the cost monetary value method. This is due to revenue enhancement intents and the fact that a vehicle will deprecate really rapidly.4.How does a concern decide when to sell or merchandise a vehicle?What form is your used auto in? If your auto is in good form, you might see selling it yourself. If you need to do fixs, though, you need to chew over how much you ‘re traveling to put in the fixs. The truth is you might non reimburse the full investing. So, weigh the possible cost of fixs against the potency added value. Regardless if you sell or trade in your used auto, it has to be in good form. Follow my bit-by-bit instructions for selling or trading in your used auto. A batch of research is necessary whether you sell or trade in your used auto. Trading your used auto in requires traveling to the top three rating sites: Edmunds.com, kbb.com, and NADA.com and set uping a monetary value you will realistically acquire for your used auto if you trade it in. Selling your auto requires the same measure, but it besides requires you researching the best methods for selling your used auto. You besides have to research how to do the transportation when the clip comes every bit good as research what others in your country are seeking to sell their used autos for. Do you like paperwork? When you sell your used auto to a trader, the franchise has staff to manage the paperwork for you. Basically, you drop off the keys and they present you with a neat and tidy bundle of documents to subscribe. Your home bases either get transferred or you get a new enrollment depending on your province ‘s patterns. When you sell your used auto to a private purchaser, you have to make all the paperwork yourself. You have to do certain the dealing is handled decently and the rubric transportation is done right. Make it wrong and you could go on to be the proprietor for revenue enhancement and liabilities of the vehicle. Plus, you have to travel to your motor vehicle office and consequence all the necessary paperwork alterations. What is your clip worth to you?5.Why is it of import to reexamine the value of a vehicle from the point of position of sing them?Vehicle insurance ( besides known as car insurance, auto insurance, or motor insurance ) is insurance purchased for autos, trucks, and other vehicles. Its primary usage is to supply protection against losingss incurred as a consequence of traffic accidents and against liability that could be incurred in an accident. Harmonizing to the insurance policy, a plus must be insured as near to its true value as possible. If the vehicle were to be insured for a higher value than it is genuinely deserving and a accident or larceny takes topographic point, the insurance company will pay ou less than for what the vehicle is insured. Therefore you may do a loss. This state of affairs is known as over-insured. While being under-insured, will intend that you will be paid out less than the vehicles true value in instance of a ccident or larceny.6.What does the concern do to seek to keep the value of its vehicles?A vehicle care log is a diary of all care performed on a peculiar vehicle. Each entry includes a day of the month, milage as of that twenty-four hours, inside informations about the type of work done, and who performed the service. The care log might besides include grosss and a agenda for farther care. One of the most common grounds to maintain a vehicle care log is for a leased auto to demo that you have honored your terminal of the rental contract by maintaining up with standard care on the vehicle at, or prior to, the maker ‘s suggested clip intervals. A vehicle care log will clearly demo oil alterations, tyre rotary motions, brake reviews or replacings and so on. At the clip you return your vehicle from rental, you may be asked to turn out that the auto was maintained decently. The vehicle care log will come in really ready to hand. Another common ground to maintain a vehicle care log is when utilizing a company auto. Often it is required in this instance for revenue enhancement intents. Everything related to the auto, abruptly of utilizing it for pleasance, is a write-down for the company. This includes gasolene and all care. Therefore rigorous records are required. A vehicle care log works absolutely. Similarly, if utilizing your private auto for company concern a part of gasolene, milage and care might be revenue enhancement deductible. Often, concerns will reimburse you alternatively, but in either instance a vehicle care log is required. Whenever the auto is used for concern intents, get downing and stoping milage must be noted and dated in the log. However, a vehicle care log is a good thought for anyone. It ‘s easy to bury how long it ‘s been since certain care has been performed without a record. Again, a good kept up auto is a safer auto and can take to salvage money on fixs down the route. Besides, cogent evidence that you have maintained your vehicle decently is really of import to the following purchaser and really increases the value of the vehicle. It exudes an air of attention and meticulosity, and a auto that has been maintained is less likely to hold or develop serious jobs. Finally, when you do hold to take the auto in for fixs, it ‘s ready to hand for the technician to see the work that has already been done. There are many ways to make a vehicle care log either utilizing a simple clean logbook or a spreadsheet in a plan such as Excel. However there are besides package plans like Automotive Wolf by Lonewolf Software that will non merely maintain path of your care but will cipher your gas milage for you and much more. Automotive Wolf besides has an attractive â€Å" vehicle interface † that uses gages to allow you cognize when certain care is due. This package and plans like it are modestly priced and free to seek if downloaded off the Internet. If utilizing package, it ‘s a good thought to maintain a simple coiling notepad in your baseball mitt compartment to jot down milage and inside informations that you can later enter into the package or spreadsheet. Some software-based vehicle care logs are designed to run on Portable Digital Assistants ( PDAs ) so you can come in your information right from the drivers seat! Whether you take the simple path of doing your ain log, or a fancy option, maintaining a vehicle care log is a smart move that can merely work to your advantage!7.Does the concern normally make a net income or a loss on gross revenues of vehicles? Why?A loss. This is due to factors like depreciation, use and the wear and tear of a vehicle of a clip period. Besides, newer theoretical account and engineering are invariably being released into the market.8.What internal control processes does your concern have to pull off its touchable assets?Procedures effected by an entity ‘s board of managers, direction and other forces, designed to supply sensible confidence sing the accomplishment of aims in the undermentioned classs: Effectiveness and efficiency of operations ; Reliability of fiscal coverage ; and Compliance with applicable Torahs and ordinances. Accurate and complete historical accounting and fiscal statement information Performance direction procedures Strategic planning Budget and prognosis mechanism – Capital outgo analysis, budgets, and direction – Cash flow direction Established precedences that align operations – Coordinated functional activities – Infrastructure that facilitates activity and does n't restrain operations Business hazard analysis and direction plans Accurate, defendable ratings of touchable assets play a critical function in many concern state of affairss, runing from the mundane to the esoteric. Real and personal belongings ratings are of import for revenue enhancement and fiscal coverage, plus monitoring, belongings insurance, ad valorem revenue enhancements and replacing budgeting. At the other terminal of the spectrum, rating of assets can be an indispensable tool in set uping monetary values, warranting places to shareholders and fulfilling governmental concerns in the class of corporate amalgamations, acquisitions, refinancing and restructuring.GlossaryAsset- In concern an accounting, assets are everything of value that is owned by a individual or company. Any belongings or object of value that one possesses, normally considered as applicable to the payment of one ‘s debts is considered an plus. Simplistically stated, assets are things of value that can be readily converted into hard currency. Examples of assets are: hard currency, pre-paid expences, vehicles, machinery, land and edifices. Fixed assets- Besides referred to as PPE ( belongings, works, and equipment ) , these are purchased for continued and long-run usage in gaining net income in a concern. This group includes land, edifices, machinery, furniture, tools, and certain wasting resources for example, forest and minerals. They are written off against net incomes over their awaited life by bear downing depreciation disbursals ( with exclusion of land ) . Accumulated depreciation is shown in the face of the balance sheet or in the notes. Current assets- Current assets are hard currency and other assets expected to be converted to hard currency, sold, or consumed either in a twelvemonth or in the operating rhythm. These assets are continually turned over in the class of a concern during normal concern activity. Examples of current assets are: hard currency, pre-paid disbursals, debitors and money in the bank. Depreciation- In simple words we can state that depreciation is the decrease in the value of an plus due to usage, transition of clip, wear and tear, technological outdating or obsolescence, depletion, insufficiency, putrefaction, rust, decay or other such factors. Straight-line depreciation-Straight-line depreciation is the simplest and most-often-used technique, in which the company estimates the salvage value of the plus at the terminal of the period during which it will be used to bring forth grosss ( utile life ) and will write off a part of original cost in equal increases over that period. The salvage value is an estimation of the value of the plus at the clip it will be sold or disposed of ; it may be zero or even negative. Salvage value is scrap value, by another name. Declining-Balance Method-Depreciation methods that provide for a higher depreciation charge in the first twelvemonth of an plus ‘s life and bit by bit diminishing charges in subsequent old ages are called accelerated depreciation methods. This may be a more realistic contemplation of an plus ‘s existent expected benefit from the usage of the plus: many assets are most utile when they are new. Value added revenue enhancement ( VAT ) – is a ingestion revenue enhancement levied on value added. In South Africa VAT is 14 % . While in Namibia VAT is 15 % .Section 3When opening a new moderate-sized concern, a vehicle is a really utile plus to acquire the concern off the land. To be successful, the concern must be cognizant of how it plans to acquire its vehicles, how to pull off the depreciation of the vehicles, selling the vehicles, keeping the vehicles and besides commanding the vehicles. Acquisition of vehicles: a concern must take several factors into consideration when purchasing new vehicles. First, a concern can purchase a vehicle foremost or 2nd manus. More factors like the colour of the vehicle, the intent it has to function and the cost of the vehicle have to be considered every bit good. Depreciation of vehicles: Depreciation is the lasting and go oning decline in the quality, measure or value of an plus. Depreciation Accounting trades with the allotment of costs of fixed assets over their utile lives. It is impossible to avoid depreciation. The concern must be prepared to set this disbursal.